Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for February 13, 2024. If you missed the February 12, 2024 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here

FRONT PAGE

Qatar frees eight former Indian Navy men, PM will go to Doha tomorrow

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- More than three months after they were sentenced to death, eight former Indian Navy personnel have been released from custody in Qatar and seven have returned to India.

• What is the exact case?

• Indian espionage case in Qatar-What you know so far?

• Who are these Indians, and what were they doing in Qatar?

• Know the Background-The eight former Navy personnel — Captain Navtej Singh Gill, Captain Saurabh Vasisht, Commander Purnendu Tiwari, Captain Birendra Kumar Verma, Commander Sugunakar Pakala, Commander Sanjeev Gupta, Commander Amit Nagpal and Sailor Ragesh — were working at Al Dahra Global Technologies and Consultancy Services, a defence services provider company.

The company is owned by an Omani national, Khamis al-Ajmi, a retired squadron leader of the Royal Oman Air Force. This man too, was arrested along with the eight Indians, but he was released in November 2022. The company’s old website, which no longer exists, said it provided training, logistics and maintenance services to the Qatari Emiri Naval Force (QENF). On its new website, the company is called Dahra Global, but there is no mention of the connection to the QENF, nor of the seven former Navy officers who had leadership roles in the company.

Commander Purnendu Tiwari (retd), who was Managing Director of the company, received the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman in 2019 for his services in furthering the bilateral relationship between India and Qatar. He was feted in Doha by then Indian Ambassador P Kumaran, and a former head of the Qatar defence forces’ International Military Cooperation. The function was held at the Indian Cultural Centre. Captain Kapil Kaushik of the Indian Navy, who was the defence attache at Embassy of India at the time, was present at this event.

The Dahra website had certificates from Kumaran, and his successor at the Indian Embassy in Doha, Ambassador Deepak Mittal, praising the company’s work as furthering the cause of good relations between the two countries. Most of the arrested men had been working at Dahra for four to six years at the time of their arrests.

• When were the men arrested by the Qatari authorities, and why?

• What is the nature of the relationship between India and Qatar?

• Why these eight men were taken into custody?

• How India handled the entire situation?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????Qatar releases jailed Indian Navy veterans: A brief timeline of the case

At 5.1% in Jan, retail inflation at 3-month low; factory output at 3.8% in Dec

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development

Mains Examination: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- RETAIL INFLATION slipped to a three-month low of 5.1 per cent in January primarily due to lower food prices after having risen to a four-month high in December, data released by the National Statistical Office (NSO) on Monday showed. Separately released data by the NSO showed that the factory output, as measured by the Index of Industrial Production (IIP), rose to 3.8 per cent in December from 2.4 per cent in the previous month, but was lower than 5.1 per cent in the year-ago period.

• What else data released by National Statistical Office (NSO) says?

• What is factory output?

• What made India’s factory output, as measured by the Index of Industrial Production (IIP), rose to 3.8 per cent in December from 2.4 per cent in the previous month?

• What Economists are saying?

• What about Food inflation?

• For Your Information-Economists said the continued fall in core inflation indicated that RBI’s monetary policy tightening is having an impact but elevated food inflation continues to be a worry. “This (core inflation) is a 50-month low and suggests that RBI’s monetary policy perhaps is working by compressing the demand. But the headline is still higher than the targeted 4% due to higher food inflation and continues to be a worry area for RBI because it has the potential of impacting the core inflation via wage-price spiral,” a note by India Ratings’ Principal Economist Sunil Kumar Sinha and Senior Analyst Paras Jasrai said.

For the future inflation trend, economists projected a cautionary outlook for rabi harvest and thus, expect a shallow rate cut cycle by the RBI. “While rabi sowing has caught up with last year’s level, reservoir storage remains well below the year-ago levels in most regions, continuing to imbue caution into the outlook for the rabi harvest…we project the CPI inflation to ease below 5% in February-March 2024, and average at 5.3% in FY2024. Thereafter, we estimate the CPI inflation at 4.6% in FY2025, broadly in line with that of the MPC, based on the assumption of a normal monsoon. The MPC’s expectations around the growth outlook and its forecast that the CPI inflation will moderate while remaining above the 4% target, reinforces our view of a likely shallow rate cut cycle,” Aditi Nayar, Chief Economist, ICRA said.

• How is the Industrial output measured by?

• What is Index of Industrial Production (IIP)?

• What Index of Industrial Production (IIP) signifies?

• By how much and where has industrial output increased?

• What does Industrial output mean?

• What are the Eight core sector industries in the Indian Economy?

• What is the weight/weightage of the different core sectors in the Index of Industrial Production?

• The Office of Economic Adviser (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade) and Eight Core Industries (ICI)-Connect the dots

• Index For Industrial Production-Know its components

• Is service sector part of Index For Industrial Production (IIP)?

• Who releases Index of Industrial Production (IIP) data?

• Who uses Index For Industrial Production (IIP) data?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????What latest inflation data say

GOVT & POLITICS

Deputy CM is like any other minister: SC

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- The Supreme Court on Monday turned down a petition challenging the appointment of deputy chief ministers in state governments as unconstitutional, saying a deputy CM is like any other minister.

• What exactly Supreme Court said?

• For Your Information-While hearing the plea, Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud said, “It’s only a label. Even if they are designated as deputy CMs, they are only an MLA”. “They don’t draw higher salaries. They are like any other member, maybe they are treated a little more senior than others…” the CJI, who was presiding over a three-judge bench, remarked.

The petitioner said before the bench, also comprising Justices J B Pardiwala and Manoj Misra, that the question is not about salary. “By doing so they are setting the wrong example for other government authorities too,” the petitioner said. “What is the basis for the appointment of deputy chief ministers? The basis is only religion and some particular sect of society. There is no other basis for appointment to such a post. This is against Articles 14 and 15(1) (A),” the petitioner contended.

However, the bench went on to dismiss the plea and said in its order, “A deputy chief minister is first and foremost a minister in the government in the states. The appellation of a deputy chief minister does not breach the constitutional position, namely that a person who holds the office of the minister must in any event before a stipulated period be a member of the legislature in order to qualify for appointment as a minister…The challenge lacks substance. Accordingly dismissed”.

• The office of Deputy Chief Minister-Know in detail

• Deputy Chief Minister is a member of the state government and a constitutional position-True or False?

• ‘The position of deputy chief minister is used to bring political stability and strength within a coalition government’-Attest this statement

• What does a deputy chief minister mean in a state government?

• Do You Know-Article 163(1) of the Constitution says “there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions”. Neither Article 163 nor Article 164 (“Other provisions as to Ministers”), sub clause (1) of which says “the Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister”, mentions a Deputy Chief Minister. The post of Deputy CM is understood as being equivalent in rank to that of Cabinet Minister (in the state). The Deputy CM enjoys the same pay and perks as a Cabinet Minister.

• “A long standing feature of Indian politics, the appointment of a Deputy Chief Minister represents a political compromise that often follows the formation of a coalition government, or when no single leader commands unchallenged authority in the party in power, and loyalty across all the key interest groups in the state”-Analyse

• Deputy Chief Minister is equal in rank to cabinet minister-True or False?

• In oath-taking, the Constitution or convention does not provide for a separate oath for the deputy chief minister-True or False?

• What is the role of a deputy chief minister in government’s functioning?

• Are there any specific financial powers that lie with the deputy CM?

• All the official files that go to CM shall be routed through deputy CM-Do you agree?

• It has been alleged by the political experts that the political parties often adopt the practice of appointing deputy chief ministers to appease their allies. How far you agree with the same?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????Explained: The role of a Deputy Chief Minister in the functioning of state government

????How the post of deputy CM emerged, what powers it comes with

EXPRESS NETWORK

Report by law panel suggests plan to tackle epidemics

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- The 286th Law Commission Report recommended creation of an Epidemic Plan and Standard Operation Procedure to address future epidemics, underlining there is no clear demarcation between the powers of the Centre, state, and local authorities during an epidemic, which leads to uncoordinated responses.

• What exactly the 286th Law Commission Report recommended?

• Why ‘Epidemic Plan and Standard Operation Procedure’?

• What are the limitations of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (EDA) as per the 286th Law Commission Report?

• For Your Information-The report notes that the EDA was not designed to combat modern issues with the spread of infectious diseases. Globalisation and increased connectivity, it states, can result in infectious diseases rapidly turning into epidemics or pandemics.

After the Covid-19 pandemic, the Law Commission suo moto decided to extensively examine the existing legal framework to tackle what it calls “significant deficiencies in addressing the containment and management of future epidemics in the country”. The report claims that as a colonial-era legislation, the EDA has great potential for abuse. Coupled with the lack of guidelines on important subjects, the report seeks to make comprehensive recommendations for the amendment of the EDA or the introduction of a new law altogether.

The most dramatic change suggested is the creation of an Epidemic Plan and a Standard Operating Procedure to address the spread of infectious diseases. This, the report states, would make sure the powers and obligations of different levels of government are clearly demarcated so that there is a coordinated response to any public health emergency.

The duty to create this Epidemic Plan falls on the Central government and the report recommends doing so in collaboration with state governments and after consulting the ministries concerned, private health institutions, expert bodies and other stakeholders.

The report recommends that the EDA must include provisions to ensure that the Epidemic Plan is prepared, enforced, and revised at regular intervals. The report states that the plan should include provisions on quarantine, isolation, and lockdowns, while ensuring that the measures are implemented fairly, without violating the fundamental rights of citizens.

It should also contain provisions on privacy-friendly disease surveillance, regulating the distribution, availability and transport of medical supplies, proper dissemination of information to the public, medical testing and research for vaccinations and medicines, and the safe disposal of infectious waste among a variety of other subjects.

To enforce this Epidemic Plan without resulting in conflicts between states and the Central government, the report suggests the creation of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) which will “ensure proper and coordinated response to any epidemic with pre-defined powers and roles in case of a public health emergency”.

The SOP suggested in the report defines three stages of the spread of infectious diseases as well as the responses at each stage. At the first stage, “Outbreaks in the State”, the report recommends giving states the power to take “sufficient measures” that are in line with the Epidemic Plan. This includes empowering local authorities to take preventative measures to contain the disease at a “micro-level”.

At the second stage, “Inter-State Spread of Epidemic Diseases/Pandemic”, the report suggests that the Central government should have the power to frame regulations on the basis of the Epidemic Plan, and states should act in accordance with these regulations.

For the third stage, “Extreme Threat from Infectious Diseases”, the recommendations are similar to those provided for the second stage. If states are unable to contain the spread of infection and there are conflicting guidelines while there is a significant threat to public health, the Central government will step in to impose uniform measures, either by itself or by empowering a central agency.

• What is epidemic?

• How epidemic is different from pandemic?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????Law Commission Report suggests creation of Epidemic Plan and Standard Operation Procedure to deal with future epidemics

THE EDITORIAL PAGE

Snapshots of turbulence

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: India and its neighbourhood- relations

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story-Sanjoy Hazarika Writes: As rebel forces fight the junta in Naypyidaw, cross-border movement of armed groups and weapons has created an unpredictable situation on India’s 1,640 km border with Myanmar. Yet, the announcements about ending the Free Movement Regime and building a fence flies in the face of official policies of Neighbourhood First and Act East

• “Today, the Indian Government faces an unpredictable situation on its 1,640 km eastern border with Myanmar”-What is that?

• What you know about Chin National Army and the People’s Defence Force?

• How do the Chin National Army and the People’s Defence Force come into the India-Myanmar bilateral relationship?

• What is the Free Movement Regime on the India-Myanmar Border?

• What is a Smart Fencing System?

• Why Smart Fencing System along the India-Myanmar Border?

• Do You Know-The border between India and Myanmar runs for 1,643 km in the four states of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh. The FMR is a mutually agreed arrangement between the two countries that allows tribes living along the border to travel up to 16 km inside the other country without a visa.

Under the FMR, every member of the hill tribes, who is either a citizen of India or a citizen of Myanmar and who is resident of any area within 16 km on either side of the border can cross over on production of a border pass with one-year validity and can stay up to two weeks. The FMR was implemented in 2018 as part of the Narendra Modi government’s Act East policy at a time when diplomatic relations between India and Myanmar were on the upswing. In fact, the FMR was to be put in place in 2017 itself, but was deferred due to the Rohingya refugee crisis that erupted that August.

The border between India and Myanmar was demarcated by the British in 1826, without seeking the opinion of the people living in the region. The border effectively divided people of the same ethnicity and culture into two nations without their consent. The current IMB reflects the line the British drew. People in the region have strong ethnic and familial ties across the border. In Manipur’s Moreh region, there are villages where some homes are in Myanmar. In Nagaland’s Mon district, the border actually passes through the house of the chief of Longwa village, splitting his home into two.

Apart from facilitating people-to-people contact, the FMR was supposed to provide impetus to local trade and business. The region has a long history of trans-border commerce through customs and border haats. Given the low-income economy, such exchanges are vital for the sustenance of local livelihoods. For border people in Myanmar too, Indian towns are closer for business, education, and healthcare than those in their own country.

• Why is the FMR being discussed critically?

• Is there a problem of drug trafficking or terrorism related to the FMR?

• So should the FMR be removed?

• Know India-Myanmar bilateral relations in detail

• Why is Myanmar important for India?

• Since coup in Myanmar, How India has taken diplomatic approach on Myanmar?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????The ‘free movement regime’ along the India-Myanmar border, and why it has complicated the volatile situation in Manipur

EXPLAINED

Farmers’ protest 2.0: How this agitation differs from 2020-21

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development

Main Examination: General Studies III: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- A little more than two years after they called off their massive protest at the doorstep of Delhi, farmers are once again on the road to the capital. Three Union ministers were meeting them in Chandigarh for a second round of talks on Monday (February 12) evening.

• What is the ongoing farmers’ protest about?

• Are the leaders of 2020-21 active again?

• What are the demands of the farmers?

• How has the government responded thus far?

• For Your Information- More than 250 farmers’ unions under the banner of the Kisan Mazdoor Morcha ( KMM), which claims to have the allegiance of about 100 unions, and the Samyukta Kisan Morcha (non-political), a platform of another 150 unions, have called the protest that is being coordinated from Punjab. The two forums gave a call of “Delhi Chalo” at the end of December 2023 to remind Prime Minister Narendra Modi of the promises to farmers two years previously.

Samyukta Kisan Morcha (non-political) is a faction that broke away from the original Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) in July 2022. Its coordinator is Jagjit Singh Dallewal, president of the Punjab-based Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) Sidhupur farm union, who broke away from the SKM following differences of opinion with the leadership of the main organisation.

KMM, the other organisation in the current protest, was formed by Sarwan Singh Pandher, convener of the Punjab-based union Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Committee (KMSC). The KMSC did not join the main protest against the farm laws in 2020-21, and had instead set up a separate stage at the Delhi border at Kundli. After the protests ended, the KMSC started to expand its base — and at the end of January, announced the formation of the KMM, comprising more than 100 unions from across India.

The SKM, the flagship body of more than 500 farmer unions of India, which led the 2020-21 agitation against the farm laws, is not involved in the ongoing protest. In Punjab, 37 farm unions, including the largest, BKU Ugrahan, are part of the SKM. The SKM has given its own call for a Grameen Bharat bandh on February 16. While the SKM is not part of the Delhi Chalo agitation, the Morcha issued a statement on Monday evening saying there must be no repression of farmers who are participating. BKU Ugrahan too issued a statement criticising the Haryana government’s moves to stop the march.

The headline demand in the farmers’ 12-point agenda is for a law to guarantee minimum support price (MSP) for all crops, and the determination of crop prices in accordance with the Dr M S Swaminathan Commission’s report. The other demands are: a) Full debt waiver for farmers and labourers; b) Implementation of the Land Acquisition Act of 2013, with provisions for written consent from farmers before acquisition, and compensation at four times the collector rate; c) Punishment for the perpetrators of the October 2021 Lakhimpur Kheri killings; d) India should withdraw from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and freeze all free trade agreements; e) Pensions for farmers and farm labourers; f) Compensation for farmers who died during the Delhi protest, including a job for one family member; g) Electricity Amendment Bill 2020 should be scrapped; h) 200 (instead of 100) days’ employment under MGNREGA per year, daily wage of Rs 700, and scheme should be linked with farming; i) Strict penalties and fines on companies producing fake seeds, pesticides, fertilisers; improvements in seed quality; j) National commission for spices such as chili and turmeric; k) Ensure rights of indigenous peoples over water, forests, and land.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????Farmers back on road to Delhi: How the current protest differs from the 2020-21 edition

Jail and bail under UAPA

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- Underlining that the oft quoted phrase, ‘bail is rule, jail is the exception’, does not find any place in the stringent anti-terror Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), the Supreme Court on February 7 denied bail to Gurwinder Singh, an accused in an alleged “Khalistan module.”

• Why Supreme Court on February 7 denied bail to Gurwinder Singh?

• How have courts interpreted Section 43D (5) of the UAPA?

• Why do courts deny bail in most cases despite some rulings that have raised the bar for the state to argue against bail?

• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)-Key Highlights

• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Human Rights-Connect the dots

• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Constitution-Connect the Dot

• For Your Information-UAPA presents an alternate criminal law framework where the general principles of criminal law are reversed. By relaxing timelines for the state to file chargesheets and its stringent conditions for bail, the UAPA gives the state more powers compared with the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

Enacted in 1967, the UAPA was strengthened by the Congress-led UPA government in 2008 and 2012. The test for denying bail under the UAPA is that the court must be satisfied that a “prima facie” case exists against the accused. In 2019, the SC defined prima facie narrowly to mean that the courts must not analyse evidence or circumstances, but look at the “totality of the case” presented by the state. In NIA v Zahoor Ahmed Watali, the SC read the bail provisions strictly, holding that courts must only be satisfied that a prima facie case can be made out to deny bail, and not consider the merit or the admissibility of the evidence.

Section 43D(5) reads: “Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, no person accused of an offence punishable under Chapters IV and VI of this Act shall, if in custody, be released on bail or on his own bond unless the Public Prosecutor has been given an opportunity of being heard on the application for such release.” It adds: “Provided that such accused person shall not be released on bail or on his own bond if the Court, on a perusal of the case diary or the report made under section 173 of the Code is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie true.”

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????Citing UAPA language, SC denies bail to member of Sikhs for Justice

Death in Wayanad: What is behind Kerala’s rising human-animal conflict

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change

Main Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- Wayanad is on the boil after a radio-collared wild elephant chased a 47-year-old man and trampled him to death, inside a gated property in a residential area. Locals allege inaction on the part of forest and revenue officials, and are demanding the capture of the killer elephant.

• Rising human-animal conflict in Kerala-Know in brief

• Why Wayanad is worst-affected?

• How Kerala is addressing the issue?

• What is human-animal conflict in India?

• What are the major causes of human-animal conflict in India?

• What are the major causes of human-Elephant conflict in India?

• What present data on Elephants in India says?

• Human-animal conflict is the biggest challenge in India and Animal adoption scheme will be icebreaker-discuss

• What are the three types of elephants?

• Is the Asian elephant related to the African elephant?

• What is difference between Asian elephant and African elephant?

• Do you Know-Elephants have defined social structures. Herds of elephants are matriarchies, with the oldest female leading the way. They consist of female family members of any age and male offspring. Pubescent male elephants leave their herds and generally operate in bachelor male herds. Older males are often solitary.

• Have you heard of Project Elephant?

• Map Work-Elephant reserves in India

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????Understanding Kerala’s man-elephant conflict

Previous Year prelims Questions Based on Similar theme:

????With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements: 1. The leader of an elephant group is female. 2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months. 3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. 4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (Please refer GS1 2020 for complete question)

????With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: 1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government. 2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. 3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (Please refer GS1 2022 for complete question)

ECONOMY

UPI launched in SL, Mauritius; uniting partners, says PM Modi

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- UPI Payment in Sri Lanka, Mauritius: On Monday (February 12), India launched its unified payments interface (UPI) system in Sri Lanka and Mauritius. RuPay card services were also introduced in Mauritius as part of this strategic initiative.

• Why this is significant?

• The linkage is a “new era in cross-border fintech connectivity”-Discuss Further

• What type of linkages?

• What is Unified Payments Interface?

• How will it benefit the citizens of these two countries?

• Who developed the Unified Payments Interface?

• Brainstorm some important features of UPI

• What achievements has UPI made?

• Know in detail about National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI)

• How UPI is a part of India’s foreign policy?

• Why is digital public infrastructure (DPI) important for countries facing crises like climate disasters, pandemics, and other emergencies?

• Can digital public infrastructure (DPI) help us reach the Sustainable Development Goals?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

????UPI services to be launched in Sri Lanka, Mauritius on Feb 12

Previous Year Prelims Questions Based on Similar theme:

????Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Unified Payments Interface (UPI)? (Please refer Prelims GS-1 2017 question Paper for complete question) ????Consider the following statements: 1. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) helps in promoting the financial inclusion in the country. 2. NPCI has launched RuPay, a card payment scheme. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (Please refer Prelims GS-1 2017 question Paper for complete question)

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